As our application grows bigger, we want to split it into multiple files, so called ‘modules’. A module usually contains a class or a library of useful functions.

For a long time, JavaScript existed without a language-level module syntax. That wasn’t a problem, because initially scripts were small and simple, so there was no need.

But eventually scripts became more and more complex, so the community invented a variety of ways to organize code into modules, special libraries to load modules on demand.

For instance:

AMD – one of the most ancient module systems, initially implemented by the library require.js.

CommonJS – the module system created for Node.js server.

UMD – one more module system, suggested as a universal one, compatible with AMD and CommonJS.

Now all these slowly become a part of history, but we still can find them in old scripts. The language-level module system appeared in the standard in 2015, gradually evolved since then, and is now supported by all major browsers and in Node.js.

What is a module?

A module is just a file, a single script, as simple as that.

There are directives export and import to interchange functionality between modules, call functions of one module from another one:

export keyword labels variables and functions that should be accessible from outside the current module.
import allows to import functionality from other modules.

For instance, if we have a file sayHi.js exporting a function:

// 📁 sayHi.js
export function sayHi(user) {
  alert(`Hello, ${user}!`);
}

…Then another file may import and use it:

// 📁 main.js
import {sayHi} from './sayHi.js';

alert(sayHi); // function...
sayHi('John'); // Hello, John!

In this tutorial we concentrate on the language itself, but we use browser as the demo environment, so let’s see how to use modules in the browser.

As modules support special keywords and features, we must tell the browser that a script should be treated as module, by using the attribute <script type="module">.

Like this:

Result

say.js

index.html

<!doctype html>
<script type="module">
  import {sayHi} from './say.js';

  document.body.innerHTML = sayHi('John');
</script>

The browser automatically fetches and evaluates imported modules, and then runs the script.

What’s different in modules, compared to “regular” scripts?

There are core features, valid both for browser and server-side JavaScript.

Always “use strict”

Modules always use strict, by default. E.g. assigning to an undeclared variable will give an error.

<script type="module">
  a = 5; // error
</script>

Here we can see it in the browser, but the same is true for any module.

Module-level scope

Each module has its own top-level scope. In other words, top-level variables and functions from a module are not seen in other scripts.

In the example below, two scripts are imported, and hello.js tries to use user variable declared in user.js, and fails:

Result

hello.js

user.js

index.html

<!doctype html>
<script type="module" src="user.js"></script>
<script type="module" src="hello.js"></script>

Modules are expected to export what they want to be accessible from outside and import what they need.

So we should import user.js directly into hello.js instead of index.html.

That’s the correct variant:

Result

hello.js

user.js

index.html

In the browser, independent top-level scope also exists for each <script type="module">:








<script type="module">
  // The variable is only visible in this module script
  let user = "John";
</script>

<script type="module">
  alert(user); // Error: user is not defined
</script>

If we really need to make a window-level global variable, we can explicitly assign it to window and access as window.user. But that’s an exception requiring a good reason.

A module code is evaluated only the first time when imported

If the same module is imported into multiple other places, its code is executed only the first time, then exports are given to all importers.

That has important consequences. Let’s see that on examples.

First, if executing a module code brings side-effects, like showing a message, then importing it multiple times will trigger it only once – the first time:

// 📁 alert.js
alert("Module is evaluated!");

// Import the same module from different files

// 📁 1.js
import `./alert.js`; // Module is evaluated!

// 📁 2.js
import `./alert.js`; // (nothing)

In practice, top-level module code is mostly used for initialization. We create data structures, pre-fill them, and if we want something to be reusable – export it.

Now, a more advanced example.

Let’s say, a module exports an object:

// 📁 admin.js
export let admin = {
  name: "John"
};

If this module is imported from multiple files, the module is only evaluated the first time, admin object is created, and then passed to all further importers.

All importers get exactly the one and only admin object:

// 📁 1.js
import {admin} from './admin.js';
admin.name = "Pete";

// 📁 2.js
import {admin} from './admin.js';
alert(admin.name); // Pete

// Both 1.js and 2.js imported the same object
// Changes made in 1.js are visible in 2.js

So, let’s reiterate – the module is executed only once. Exports are generated, and then they are shared between importers, so if something changes the admin object, other modules will see that .

Such behavior is great for modules that require configuration. We can set required properties on the first import, and then in further imports it’s ready.

For instance, admin.js module may provide certain functionality, but expect the credentials to come into the admin object from outside:

// 📁 admin.js
export let admin = { };

export function sayHi() {
  alert(`Ready to serve, ${admin.name}!`);
}

Now, in init.js, the first script of our app, we set admin.name. Then everyone will see it, including calls made from inside admin.js itself:

// 📁 init.js
import {admin} from './admin.js';
admin.name = "Pete";

                                
                          // 📁 other.js
import {admin, sayHi} from './admin.js';

alert(admin.name); // Pete

sayHi(); // Ready to serve, Pete!

import.meta

The object import.meta contains the information about the current module.

Its content depends on the environment. In the browser, it contains the url of the script, or a current webpage url if inside HTML:

<script type="module">
  alert(import.meta.url); // script url (url of the html page for an inline script)
</script>

Top-level “this” is undefined

That’s kind of a minor feature, but for completeness we should mention it.

In a module, top-level this is undefined, as opposed to a global object in non-module scripts:

<script>
  alert(this); // window
</script>

<script type="module">
  alert(this); // undefined
</script>

There are also several browser-specific differences of scripts with `type="module"` compared to regular ones.

You may want skip those for now if you’re reading for the first time, or if you don’t use JavaScript in a browser.

Module scripts are deferred

Module scripts are always deferred, same effect as defer attribute (described in the chapter Scripts: async, defer), for both external and inline scripts.

In other words:

external module scripts <script type="module" src="..."> don’t block HTML processing, they load in parallel with other resources.
module scripts wait until the HTML document is fully ready (even if they are tiny and load faster than HTML), and then run.
relative order of scripts is maintained: scripts that go first in the document, execute first.

As a side-effect, module scripts always “see” the fully loaded HTML-page, including HTML elements below them.

For instance:












<script type="module">
  alert(typeof button); // object: the script can 'see' the button below
  // as modules are deferred, the script runs after the whole page is loaded
</script>

Compare to regular script below:

<script>
  alert(typeof button); // Error: button is undefined, the script can't see elements below
  // regular scripts run immediately, before the rest of the page is processed
</script>

<button id="button">Button</button>

Please note: the second script actually works before the first! So we’ll see undefined first, and then object.

That’s because modules are deferred, so way wait for the document to be processed. The regular scripts runs immediately, so we saw its output first.

When using modules, we should be aware that HTML-page shows up as it loads, and JavaScript modules run after that, so the user may see the page before the JavaScript application is ready. Some functionality may not work yet. We should put transparent overlays or “loading indicators”, or otherwise ensure that the visitor won’t be confused by that.

Async works on inline scripts

Async attribute <script async type="module"> is allowed on both inline and external scripts. Async scripts run immediately when imported modules are processed, independently of other scripts or the HTML document.

For example, the script below has async, so it doesn’t wait for anyone.

It performs the import (fetches ./analytics.js) and runs when ready, even if HTML document is not finished yet, or if other scripts are still pending.

That’s good for functionality that doesn’t depend on anything, like counters, ads, document-level event listeners.

             <!-- all dependencies are fetched (analytics.js), and the script runs -->
<!-- doesn't wait for the document or other <script> tags -->
<script async type="module">
  import {counter} from './analytics.js';

  counter.count();
</script>

External scripts

There are two notable differences of external module scripts:

External scripts with same src run only once:

<!-- the script my.js is fetched and executed only once -->
<script type="module" src="my.js"></script>
<script type="module" src="my.js"></script>

External scripts that are fetched from another origin (e.g. another site) require CORS headers, as described in the chapter Fetch: Cross-Origin Requests. In other words, if a module script is fetched from another origin, the remote server must supply a header Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * (may use site domain instead of *) to indicate that the fetch is allowed.
```
                                                           

<script type="module" src="http://another-site.com/their.js"></script>
```
That ensures better security by default.

No “bare” modules allowed

In the browser, import must get either a relative or absolute URL. Modules without any path are called “bare” modules. Such modules are not allowed in import.

For instance, this import is invalid:

import {sayHi} from 'sayHi'; // Error, "bare" module
// the module must have a path, e.g. './sayHi.js' or wherever the module is

Certain environments, like Node.js or bundle tools allow bare modules, without any path, as they have own ways for finding modules and hooks to fine-tune them. But browsers do not support bare modules yet.

Compatibility, “nomodule”

Old browsers do not understand type="module". Scripts of the unknown type are just ignored. For them, it’s possible to provide a fallback using nomodule attribute:

<script type="module">
  alert("Runs in modern browsers");
</script>

<script nomodule>
  alert("Modern browsers know both type=module and nomodule, so skip this")
  alert("Old browsers ignore script with unknown type=module, but execute this.");
</script>

If we use bundle tools, then as scripts are bundled together into a single file (or few files), import/export statements inside those scripts are replaced by special bundler functions. So the resulting “bundled” script does not contain any import/export, it doesn’t require type="module", and we can put it into a regular script:

<!-- Assuming we got bundle.js from a tool like Webpack -->
<script src="bundle.js"></script>

Build tools

In real-life, browser modules are rarely used in their “raw” form. Usually, we bundle them together with a special tool such as Webpack and deploy to the production server.

One of the benefits of using bundlers – they give more control over how modules are resolved, allowing bare modules and much more, like CSS/HTML modules.

Build tools do the following:

Take a “main” module, the one intended to be put in `<script type="module">` in HTML.

Analyze its dependencies: imports and then imports of imports etc.

Build a single file with all modules (or multiple files, that’s tunable), replacing native `import` calls with bundler functions, so that it works. “Special” module types like HTML/CSS modules are also supported.

In the process, other transforms and optimizations may be applied:

Unreachable code removed.

Unused exports removed (“tree-shaking”).

Development-specific statements like `console` and `debugger` removed.

Modern, bleeding-edge JavaScript syntax may be transformed to older one with similar functionality using Babel.

The resulting file is minified (spaces removed, variables replaced with shorter named etc).

That said, native modules are also usable. So we won’t be using Webpack here: you can configure it later.

Summary

To summarize, the core concepts are:

A module is a file. To make `import/export` work, browsers need `<script type="module">`, that implies several differences:

Deferred by default.

Async works on inline scripts.

To load external scripts from another origin (domain/protocol/port), CORS headers are needed.

Duplicate external scripts are ignored.

Modules have their own, local top-level scope and interchange functionality via `import/export`.

Modules always `use strict`.

Module code is executed only once. Exports are created once and shared between importers.

So, generally, when we use modules, each module implements the functionality and exports it. Then we use `import` to directly import it where it’s needed. Browser loads and evaluates the scripts automatically.

In production, people often use bundlers such as Webpack to bundle modules together for performance and other reasons.

In the next chapter we’ll see more examples of modules, and how things can be exported/imported

Answer Guruji(8920128728)

Wednesday, July 10, 2019

Modules, introduction in JavaScript

As our application grows bigger, we want to split it into multiple files, so called ‘modules’. A module usually contains a class or a library of useful functions.

What is a module?

Core module features

What’s different in modules, compared to “regular” scripts?

There are core features, valid both for browser and server-side JavaScript.

Always “use strict”

Modules always `use strict`, by default. E.g. assigning to an undeclared variable will give an error.

`<script type="module"> a = 5; // error </script>`

Here we can see it in the browser, but the same is true for any module.

Module-level scope

A module code is evaluated only the first time when imported

import.meta

Top-level “this” is undefined

That’s kind of a minor feature, but for completeness we should mention it.

In a module, top-level `this` is undefined, as opposed to a global object in non-module scripts:

`<script> alert(this); // window </script> <script type="module"> alert(this); // undefined </script>`

Browser-specific features

There are also several browser-specific differences of scripts with `type="module"` compared to regular ones.

You may want skip those for now if you’re reading for the first time, or if you don’t use JavaScript in a browser.

Module scripts are deferred

Async works on inline scripts

External scripts

No “bare” modules allowed

Compatibility, “nomodule”

Build tools

Summary

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